Work with data using queries in Ballerina

This guide walks you through using query expressions (a.k.a. language integrated queries) on data to filter, sort, and join with different data sets to produce new data.

Ballerina has first-class support for writing SQL-like queries to process data. Language-integrated queries can process any Ballerina iterable.

Set up the prerequisites

To run this guide, you need the following prerequisites:

Ballerina 2201.0.0 (Swan Lake) or greater
A text editor

Tip: Preferably, Visual Studio Code with the Ballerina extension installed.
A command terminal

Create the Ballerina package

Ballerina uses packages to group code. You need to create a Ballerina package and write the business logic in it. In the terminal, execute the command below to create the Ballerina package for the implementation.

Info: For more information on Ballerina packages, see Organize Ballerina code.


$ bal new query_expressions

You view the output below.


Created new package 'query_expressions' at query_expressions.

This creates a directory named query_expressions with the default module along with a sample code for the service as shown below.


.
├── Ballerina.toml
└── main.bal
    
0 directories, 2 files

Create the dataset

To keep things simple, an in-memory table is used to store the COVID-19 dataset. To create the dataset, replace the main.bal file with the code below.


public type CovidEntry record {|
    readonly string iso_code;
    string country;
    decimal cases;
    decimal deaths;
    decimal recovered;
    decimal active;
|};

public final table<CovidEntry> key(iso_code) covidTable = table [
    {iso_code: "AFG", country: "Afghanistan", cases: 159303, deaths: 7386, recovered: 146084, active: 5833},
    {iso_code: "SL", country: "Sri Lanka", cases: 598536, deaths: 5243, recovered: 568637, active: 14656},
    {iso_code: "US", country: "USA", cases: 69808350, deaths: 880976, recovered: 43892277, active: 25035097},
    {iso_code: "IND", country: "India", cases: 80808350, deaths: 980976, recovered: 33892279, active: 35035095}
];

In this code:

Each record of type CovidEntry in the table represents the COVID-19 data related to a particular country.
The iso_code is used to uniquely identify a country and other fields are self-explanatory.

Filter the data

Create the `filterCountriesByCases` function

To define a function, which will filter out the records, which have values higher than 100,000 for the cases field, add the code below to the main.bal file.


public function filterCountriesByCases(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, decimal noOfCases) returns string[] {
    string[] filteredCountries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        where entry.cases > noOfCases
        select entry.country;
    return filteredCountries;
}

In this code:

The filterCountriesByCases function uses a query expression to iterate the records in the dataTable table and filter only the records, which have more than noOfCases cases. A where clause with a condition is used to filter.
All records, which satisfy the condition in the where clause will be selected.

Create the `main` function

To call the filterCountriesByCases function from inside the main function, add the code below to the main.bal file.


public function main() {
    string[] countries = filterCountriesByCases(covidTable, 10000000);
    io:println("Countries with more than 10 million cases: ", countries);
}

In this code,

The filterCountriesByCases function is called and covidTable and 10000000 are provided as parameters so that the function will filter the countries, which have more than 10000000 COVID-19 cases.
The next line prints the result of the function.

The complete code of the filtering function

Below is the complete code after adding the filtering function.


public function filterCountriesByCases(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, decimal noOfCases) returns string[] {
    string[] filteredCountries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        where entry.cases > noOfCases
        select entry.country;
    return filteredCountries;
}

public function main() {
    string[] countries = filterCountriesByCases(covidTable, 10000000);
    io:println("Countries with more than 10 million cases: ", countries);
}

Run the package for filtering

In the terminal, navigate to the query_expressions directory, and execute the command below to run the service package.


$ bal run

Info: The console should have warning logs related to the isolatedness of resources. It is a built-in service concurrency safety feature of Ballerina.

You view the output below.


Compiling source
        .../query_expressions:0.1.0

Running executable

Countries with more than 10 million cases: ["USA","India"]

Sort countries by COVID-19 deaths

Create the `findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths` function

To define a new function to find the top three countries with the highest number of COVID-19 deaths, add the code below to the main.bal file.


public function findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, int n) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        order by entry.deaths descending
        limit n
        select [entry.country, entry.deaths];
    return countriesWithDeaths;
}

In this code,

You use another query to sort and retrieve a limited number of records from the table.
The findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths function uses a query expression to find the top three countries with the highest COVID-19 deaths.
The order by clause is used to sort the records in the table in descending order and the limit clause to limit the number of output records of the query to n.
The query produces an array of tuples of type [string, decimal] as the result. Each tuple contains the country name and the number of reported deaths.
The produced array is in descending order by the number of deaths.

Update the `main` function for sorting

To call the findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths function from within the main function to find the top three countries by the number of deaths, add the code below to the main function of the main.bal file.


[string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(covidTable, 3);
io:println("Countries with highest deaths:", countriesWithDeaths);

The complete code with the sorting function

Below is the complete code after adding the sorting function.


public function filterCountriesByCases(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, decimal noOfCases) returns string[] {
    string[] filteredCountries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        where entry.cases > noOfCases
        select entry.country;
    return filteredCountries;
}

public function findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, int n) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        order by entry.deaths descending
        limit n
        select [entry.country, entry.deaths];
    return countriesWithDeaths;
}

public function main() {
    string[] countries = filterCountriesByCases(covidTable, 10000000);
    io:println("Countries with more than 10 million cases: ", countries);
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(covidTable, 3);
    io:println("Countries with highest deaths:", countriesWithDeaths);
}

Run the package for sorting

In the terminal, navigate to the query_expressions directory, and execute the command below to run the service package.


$ bal run

You view the output below.


Compiling source
        .../query_expressions:0.1.0

Running executable

Countries with more than 10 million cases: ["USA","India"]
Countries with highest deaths:[["India",980976],["USA",880976],["Afghanistan",7386]]

Join with another data source

Create the `findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries` function

Using query expressions, you can join two collections and produce a new collection. The join operation is similar to the SQL join operation. To join the covidTable with a string array, which contains three countries, add the code below to the main.bal file.


public function findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, string[] countries) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        join string country in countries on entry.country equals country
        select [entry.country, entry.recovered];
    return countriesWithRecovered;
}

In this code:

The findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries function uses a query expression to join the dataTable table with an array of strings named countries. The join condition is provided after the on keyword.
For every record in the dataTable, all the elements in the countries array will be joined.
The output array of tuples will have the country and the number of recovered patients only if the condition after the on keyword is satisfied for that particular pair of table records and element of the array being joined.

Update the `main` function for joining

To call the findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries function at the end to get the number of recovered patients, add the code below to the main function of the main.bal file.

Info: You will get the number of recovered patients in the USA, India, and Afghanistan.


string[] c = ["USA", "India", "Afghanistan"];
[string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(covidTable, c);
io:println("Countries with number of Recovered patients:", countriesWithRecovered);

The complete code with the joining function

Below is the complete code after adding the joining function.


public function filterCountriesByCases(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, decimal noOfCases) returns string[] {
    string[] filteredCountries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        where entry.cases > noOfCases
        select entry.country;
    return filteredCountries;
}

public function findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, int n) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        order by entry.deaths descending
        limit n
        select [entry.country, entry.deaths];
    return countriesWithDeaths;
}

public function findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, string[] countries) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        join string country in countries on entry.country equals country
        select [entry.country, entry.recovered];
    return countriesWithRecovered;
}

public function main() {
    string[] countries = filterCountriesByCases(covidTable, 10000000);
    io:println("Countries with more than 10 million cases: ", countries);

    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(covidTable, 3);
    io:println("Countries with highest deaths:", countriesWithDeaths);

    string[] c = ["USA", "India", "Afghanistan"];
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(covidTable, c);
    io:println("Countries with number of Recovered patients:", countriesWithRecovered);
}

Run the package for joining

In the terminal, navigate to the query_expressions directory, and execute the command below to run the service package.


$ bal run

You view the output below.


Compiling source
        .../query_expressions:0.1.0

Running executable

Countries with more than 10 million cases: ["USA","India"]
Countries with highest deaths:[["India",980976],["USA",880976],["Afghanistan",7386]]
Countries with number of Recovered patients:[["Afghanistan",146084],["USA",43892277],["India",33892279]]

Find discrepancies in the dataset

Create the `printErroneousData` function

This example shows how you can use the let clause to maintain an intermediate state while iterating a collection using query expression and how to use that intermediate state for further processing. For example, in this dataset, the total number of reported cases should be equal to the sum of the number of deaths, recovered, and active. If they are not equal, an error should have occurred while the dataset is populated.

To define a function called printErroneousData to find any erroneous records in the dataset, add the code below to the main.bal file.


public function printErroneousData(table<CovidEntry> dataTable) {

    string[] countries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        let decimal sum = entry.recovered + entry.deaths + entry.active
        where entry.cases != sum
        select entry.country;

    if countries.length() > 0 {
        io:println("Found erroneous entries for countries: ", countries);
    }
}

In this code:

If there is any record in which the number of reported cases is not equal to the sum of recovered, active, and deaths, this function will print it.
Here, you use the sum variable to hold the results of intermediate calculations in the query expression.

Note: Even though this particular example uses a separate variable to demonstrate the usage of the let clause, you can do the calculations inline from within the where clause also.

Call the `printErroneousData` function

To call the findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries function at the end to get the number of recovered patients, add the code below to the main function of the main.bal file.


printErroneousData(covidTable);

The complete code

Below is the complete code after adding the finding function.


public function filterCountriesByCases(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, decimal noOfCases) returns string[] {
    string[] filteredCountries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        where entry.cases > noOfCases
        select entry.country;
    return filteredCountries;
}

public function findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, int n) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        order by entry.deaths descending
        limit n
        select [entry.country, entry.deaths];
    return countriesWithDeaths;
}

public function findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, string[] countries) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        join string country in countries on entry.country equals country
        select [entry.country, entry.recovered];
    return countriesWithRecovered;
}

public function printErroneousData(table<CovidEntry> dataTable) {

    string[] countries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        let decimal sum = entry.recovered + entry.deaths + entry.active
        where entry.cases != sum
        select entry.country;

    if countries.length() > 0 {
        io:println("Found erroneous entries for countries: ", countries);
    }
}

public function main() {
    string[] countries = filterCountriesByCases(covidTable, 10000000);
    io:println("Countries with more than 10 million cases: ", countries);

    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(covidTable, 3);
    io:println("Countries with highest deaths:", countriesWithDeaths);

    string[] c = ["USA", "India", "Afghanistan"];
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(covidTable, c);
    io:println("Countries with number of Recovered patients:", countriesWithRecovered);

    printErroneousData(covidTable);
}

Run the package

In the terminal, navigate to the query_expressions directory, and execute the command below to run the service package.


$ bal run

You view the output below.


Compiling source
        .../query_expressions:0.1.0

Running executable

Countries with more than 10 million cases: ["USA","India"]
Countries with highest deaths:[["India",980976],["USA",880976],["Afghanistan",7386]]
Countries with number of Recovered patients:[["Afghanistan",146084],["USA",43892277],["India",33892279]]
Found erroneous entries for countries: ["Sri Lanka","India"]

Calculate the total number of deaths

Create the `getTotalNumberOfDeaths` function

You can use the collect clause to aggregate the input records of the query. If you use the collect clause, all the variables in the query expression become aggregated variables.

The aggregated variables can only be used in the following ways:

An aggregated variable can be a rest argument to a langlib function call. It is not necessary to use the module prefix in the langlib function call. For example, you can write sum(deaths) instead of int:sum(deaths). Essential aggregating functions such as min, max, avg, sum, first, last, and count are available.
An aggregated variable can be an element in a single element list constructor.

In the following example, the deaths variable becomes an aggregated variable. The sum function is used to calculate the total number of deaths.

Add the code below to the main.bal file to define a function to get the total number of deaths.


public function getTotalNumberOfDeaths(table<CovidEntry> dataTable) returns decimal {
    return from var {deaths} in dataTable
            collect sum(deaths);
}

In this code,

The collect clause aggregates the input values into one group.
Since deaths becomes a sequence value, you can call the sum function in order to get the total number of deaths.

Update the main function for aggregation

Add the code below to the main function of the main.bal file to call the getTotalNumberOfDeaths function within the main function for finding the total number of deaths.

The complete code with the aggregating function


import ballerina/io;

public type CovidEntry record {|
    readonly string iso_code;
    string country;
    string continent;
    decimal cases;
    decimal deaths;
    decimal recovered;
    decimal active;
|};

public final table<CovidEntry> key(iso_code) covidTable = table [
    {iso_code: "AFG", country: "Afghanistan", continent: "Asia", cases: 159303, deaths: 7386, recovered: 146084, active: 5833},
    {iso_code: "SL", country: "Sri Lanka", continent: "Asia", cases: 598536, deaths: 5243, recovered: 568637, active: 14656},
    {iso_code: "US", country: "USA", continent: "North America", cases: 69808350, deaths: 880976, recovered: 43892277, active: 25035097},
    {iso_code: "IND", country: "India", continent: "Asia", cases: 80808350, deaths: 980976, recovered: 33892279, active: 35035095}
];

public function filterCountriesByCases(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, decimal noOfCases) returns string[] {
    string[] filteredCountries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        where entry.cases > noOfCases
        select entry.country;
    return filteredCountries;
}

public function findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, int n) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        order by entry.deaths descending
        limit n
        select [entry.country, entry.deaths];
    return countriesWithDeaths;
}

public function findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, string[] countries) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        join string country in countries on entry.country equals country
        select [entry.country, entry.recovered];
    return countriesWithRecovered;
}

public function printErroneousData(table<CovidEntry> dataTable) {

    string[] countries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        let decimal sum = entry.recovered + entry.deaths + entry.active
        where entry.cases != sum
        select entry.country;

    if countries.length() > 0 {
        io:println("Found erroneous entries for countries: ", countries);
    }
}

public function getTotalNumberOfDeaths(table<CovidEntry> dataTable) returns decimal {
    return from var {deaths} in dataTable
            collect sum(deaths);
}

public function main() {
    string[] countries = filterCountriesByCases(covidTable, 10000000);
    io:println("Countries with more than 10 million cases: ", countries);

    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(covidTable, 3);
    io:println("Countries with highest deaths: ", countriesWithDeaths);

    string[] c = ["USA", "India", "Afghanistan"];
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(covidTable, c);
    io:println("Countries with number of Recovered patients: ", countriesWithRecovered);

    printErroneousData(covidTable);

    decimal totalDeaths = getTotalNumberOfDeaths(covidTable);
    io:println("Total number of deaths: ", totalDeaths);
}

Run the package for aggregation

In the terminal, navigate to the query_expressions directory, and execute the command below to run the service package.


$ bal run

You view the output below.


Compiling source
	    .../query_expressions:0.1.0

Running executable

Countries with more than 10 million cases: ["USA","India"]
Countries with highest deaths: [["India",980976],["USA",880976],["Afghanistan",7386]]
Countries with number of Recovered patients: [["Afghanistan",146084],["USA",43892277],["India",33892279]]
Found erroneous entries for countries: ["Sri Lanka","India"]
Total number of deaths: 1874581

Group the deaths by the continent

Create the `groupDeathsByContinent` function

The group by clause is used to group the input based on one or more grouping-keys. The set of variables that do not belong to grouping-keys become aggregated variables after the group by clause.

The aggregated variables can only be used in the following ways:

An aggregated variable can be a rest argument to a langlib function call. It is not necessary to use the module prefix in the langlib function call. For example, you can write sum(deaths) instead of int:sum(deaths). Essential aggregating functions such as min, max, avg, sum, first, last, and count are available.
An aggregated variable can be an element in a single element list constructor.

Add the following code to the main.bal file to define a function that groups the data by continent and retrieves the total number of deaths per continent.


public function groupDeathsByContinent(table<CovidEntry> dataTable) returns record {|string continent; decimal[] cases; decimal deaths;|}[] {
    return from var {continent, cases, deaths} in dataTable
        group by continent
        select {continent, cases: [cases], deaths: sum(deaths)};
}

In this code,

The group by clause is used to group the input and the grouping-key comes after the group by clause. In this example, the continent is the grouping-key. This is unique for each group and is used to group the input.
Since the grouping-key is continent, the input table is grouped by the continent in the groupDeathsByContinent function.
After creating groups based on the continent, the deaths and cases become sequence values for each continent.
You can call the sum function to get the total number of deaths per continent.
You can represent the cases as a list using [cases].

Update the main function for grouping

Add the code below to the main function of the main.bal file to call the groupDeathsByContinent function within the main function and find the number of total deaths per continent.

The complete code with the grouping function


import ballerina/io;

public type CovidEntry record {|
    readonly string iso_code;
    string country;
    string continent;
    decimal cases;
    decimal deaths;
    decimal recovered;
    decimal active;
|};

public final table<CovidEntry> key(iso_code) covidTable = table [
    {iso_code: "AFG", country: "Afghanistan", continent: "Asia", cases: 159303, deaths: 7386, recovered: 146084, active: 5833},
    {iso_code: "SL", country: "Sri Lanka", continent: "Asia", cases: 598536, deaths: 5243, recovered: 568637, active: 14656},
    {iso_code: "US", country: "USA", continent: "North America", cases: 69808350, deaths: 880976, recovered: 43892277, active: 25035097},
    {iso_code: "IND", country: "India", continent: "Asia", cases: 80808350, deaths: 980976, recovered: 33892279, active: 35035095}
];

public function filterCountriesByCases(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, decimal noOfCases) returns string[] {
    string[] filteredCountries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        where entry.cases > noOfCases
        select entry.country;
    return filteredCountries;
}

public function findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, int n) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        order by entry.deaths descending
        limit n
        select [entry.country, entry.deaths];
    return countriesWithDeaths;
}

public function findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(table<CovidEntry> dataTable, string[] countries) returns [string, decimal][] {
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        join string country in countries on entry.country equals country
        select [entry.country, entry.recovered];
    return countriesWithRecovered;
}

public function printErroneousData(table<CovidEntry> dataTable) {
    string[] countries = from CovidEntry entry in dataTable
        let decimal sum = entry.recovered + entry.deaths + entry.active
        where entry.cases != sum
        select entry.country;

    if countries.length() > 0 {
        io:println("Found erroneous entries for countries: ", countries);
    }
}

public function getTotalNumberOfDeaths(table<CovidEntry> dataTable) returns decimal {
    return from var {deaths} in dataTable
            collect sum(deaths);
}

public function groupDeathsByContinent(table<CovidEntry> dataTable) returns record {|string continent; decimal[] cases; decimal deaths;|}[] {
    return from var {continent, cases, deaths} in dataTable
        group by continent
        select {continent, cases: [cases], deaths: sum(deaths)};
}

public function main() {
    string[] countries = filterCountriesByCases(covidTable, 10000000);
    io:println("Countries with more than 10 million cases: ", countries);

    [string, decimal][] countriesWithDeaths = findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths(covidTable, 3);
    io:println("Countries with highest deaths: ", countriesWithDeaths);

    string[] c = ["USA", "India", "Afghanistan"];
    [string, decimal][] countriesWithRecovered = findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries(covidTable, c);
    io:println("Countries with number of Recovered patients: ", countriesWithRecovered);

    printErroneousData(covidTable);

    decimal totalDeaths = getTotalNumberOfDeaths(covidTable);
    io:println("Total number of deaths: ", totalDeaths);

    record {|string continent; decimal[] cases; decimal deaths;|}[] deathsByContinent = groupDeathsByContinent(covidTable);
    io:println("Cases and total number of deaths by continent: ", deathsByContinent);
}

Run the package for grouping

In the terminal, navigate to the query_expressions directory, and execute the command below to run the service package.


$ bal run

You view the output below.


Compiling source
	    .../query_expressions:0.1.0

Running executable

Countries with more than 10 million cases: ["USA","India"]
Countries with highest deaths: [["India",980976],["USA",880976],["Afghanistan",7386]]
Countries with number of Recovered patients: [["Afghanistan",146084],["USA",43892277],["India",33892279]]
Found erroneous entries for countries: ["Sri Lanka","India"]
Total number of deaths: 1874581
Cases and total number of deaths by continent: [{"continent":"Asia","cases":[159303,598536,80808350],"deaths":993605},{"continent":"North America","cases":[69808350],"deaths":880976}]

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Learn the language

Work with data using queries in Ballerina

Set up the prerequisites

Create the Ballerina package

Create the dataset

Filter the data

Create the filterCountriesByCases function

Create the main function

The complete code of the filtering function

Run the package for filtering

Sort countries by COVID-19 deaths

Create the findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths function

Update the main function for sorting

The complete code with the sorting function

Run the package for sorting

Join with another data source

Create the findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries function

Update the main function for joining

The complete code with the joining function

Run the package for joining

Find discrepancies in the dataset

Create the printErroneousData function

Call the printErroneousData function

The complete code

Run the package

Calculate the total number of deaths

Create the getTotalNumberOfDeaths function

Update the main function for aggregation

The complete code with the aggregating function

Run the package for aggregation

Group the deaths by the continent

Create the groupDeathsByContinent function

Update the main function for grouping

The complete code with the grouping function

Run the package for grouping

Create the `filterCountriesByCases` function

Create the `main` function

Create the `findCountriesByHighestNoOfDeaths` function

Update the `main` function for sorting

Create the `findRecoveredPatientsOfCountries` function

Update the `main` function for joining

Create the `printErroneousData` function

Call the `printErroneousData` function

Create the `getTotalNumberOfDeaths` function

Create the `groupDeathsByContinent` function